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Conversely, syncline folds create more of a u shape, and have the youngest rock at their center. Anticlines dome upwards, with the middle of the ripple being the highest point, and also the area where the oldest rock is located. Similarly, fold mountains can have anticlines or synclines, both types of up-and-down ripples in compressed rock. Mountain folds can be concave or convex meaning they either dip inward, or bulge outward, respectively. Fold mountains can be categorized further, based on their shape and fold types, even though most fold mountains have a variety of folds within their range. Even the Appalachian Mountains are fold mountains, once taller than any other range on earth, which have been worn down and eroded with time. Similarly, the impressive Himalayan Mountains are forming where the Indian plate hits the Eurasian plate, and the Alps exist for much the same reason in Europe. The longest mountain range in the world, the Andes Mountains of South America, are fold mountains, created where the Nazca plate and South American plate meet. Plates will continue to push up against one another, and the earth will begin to slowly bend and become misshapen as the pressure is maintained.įold mountains are the most commonly found mountains on earth, and include some of the most famous mountain ranges. This process can create large, rippling mountain ranges, or sharp mountains, but usually occurs over thousands or even millions of years. Fold mountains are created when the plates push up against one another in such a way that the Earth’s crust bends, folds or warps.
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Because these are areas where two plates come together, there is often a great deal of friction or pressure that builds up along the plate edges as they shift and move against one another. These areas are known as convergent plate boundaries. Like all mountains, fold type mountains are created in areas where tectonic plates meet. These two different ways in which volcanoes form mountains are described as cones, or shield mountains.Įxamples of shield mountains can also be found in many different countries, including: Santorini, in Greece, Pantelleria in Italy, Fukue-jima of Japan, in a wide variety of cities across Kamchatka, Upolu in Samoa, and Socorro, and San martin in Mexico. In many cases of larger mountains, this process has happened over centuries, with multiple eruptions, slowly building the mountain higher and higher. Both lava flows and debris build up around the volcano’s opening, creating volcanic mountains. Similarly, ash and magma can be ejected high into the air, where they cool and fall to the earth as debris. This magma bursts out of the ground and creates lava flows, which cool and harden in the open air. Similarly, pressure and heat can build up underground, and force an eruption of lava out of the volcanic areas. Because of this, it tends to rise to the surface. Magma, or molten rock, is lighter in weight than the solid rock around it.
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This means that there is a place in the Earth’s crust where there is a crack or volcanic vent. Volcanic mountains are formed in areas where there is volcanic activity. The three types of mountains or mountain ranges are: volcanic, fold, and block mountains, each of which is formed in a different way. Depending on how these plates move or collide, one of three types of mountains can be formed. When these plates collide, there is a great deal of mass and pressure which suddenly comes to a stop, and it is this movement that forces the Earth into buckles or protrusions which are known as mountains. In this way, mountains are created over time. Nevertheless, these shifts still have great impacts on human life as the movement of plates is what creates changes in the geographical structure of the surface of the earth. Even though humans live on the crust, they do not often feel these movements as they are very slow, and the sheer size of each plate is so large. These huge chunks of the Earth’s crust move within molten rock called magma, which allows them to shift and collide over time.
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The crust itself is made up of several large plates, called tectonic plates, which are free floating. Mountains are formed by movement within the Earth’s crust.